Article Data

  • Views 2653
  • Dowloads 212

Original Research

Open Access

The relationship between range of motion and muscle strength of the shoulder joint in professional baseball pitchers

  • Byung Gon Kim1
  • Sunga Kong2,3
  • Seung Kil Lim4

1QOLFIT Training Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea

2Department of Clinical Research Design and Evaluation, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea

3Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea

4Department of Exercise Prescription, Dongshin University, Naju, Republic of Korea

DOI: 10.31083/jomh.2021.030 Vol.17,Issue 3,July 2021 pp.160-166

Submitted: 10 January 2021 Accepted: 09 February 2021

Published: 08 July 2021

*Corresponding Author(s): Seung Kil Lim E-mail: es007-0@hanmail.net

Abstract

Background and objective: This study aimed to assess the relationship between range of motion (ROM) and isometric strength of the shoulder joint, adjusted for humeral head retroversion angle (HHRA), in professional baseball pitchers.

Material and Methods: A total of 18 pitchers from a professional baseball team were included in this study. The isometric strength of internal rotation (IR) and external rotation (ER) were measured using an isokinetic device at 85◦ and 30◦ ER, and at 25◦ IR. A linear regression analysis was then performed.

Results: The HHRA of the dominant arm was approximately 7◦ greater than that of the non-dominant arm (P < 0.001). As the IR ROM increased by 1◦, the IR isometric strength at 25◦ IR was significantly increased by 0.448% body weight (P < 0.05). However, as the ROM of IR increased, the IR isometric strength at 85◦ and 30◦ ER was not significant (P > 0.05), and as the ROM of ER increased, the IR and ER isometric strength were not significant (P > 0.05).

Conclusions: Thus, the increase of IR ROM in professional baseball pitchers was associated with an increase in isometric strength at 25◦ IR, after adjustments were made for HHRA.

Keywords

Humeral retroversion; Range of motion; Internal rotation; External rotation; Muscle strength; Baseball pitchers

Cite and Share

Byung Gon Kim,Sunga Kong,Seung Kil Lim. The relationship between range of motion and muscle strength of the shoulder joint in professional baseball pitchers. Journal of Men's Health. 2021. 17(3);160-166.

References

[1] Fares MY, Fares J, Baydoun H, Fares Y. Prevalence and patterns of shoulder injuries in Major League Baseball. The Physician and Sportsmedicine. 2020; 48: 63-67.

[2] Fares MY, Salhab HA, Khachfe HH, Kane L, Fares Y, Fares J, et al. Upper limb injuries in Major League Baseball. Physical Therapy in Sport. 2020; 41: 49-54.

[3] Posner M, Cameron KL, Wolf JM, Belmont PJ, Owens BD. Epidemiol-ogy of Major League Baseball injuries. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2011; 39: 1676-1680.

[4] Makhni EC, Lee RW, Nwosu EO, Steinhaus ME, Ahmad CS. Return to competition, re-injury, and impact on performance of preseason shoulder injuries in Major League Baseball pitchers. The Physician and Sportsmedicine. 2015; 43: 300-306.

[5] Myers JB, Laudner KG, Pasquale MR, Bradley JP, Lephart SM. Gleno-humeral range of motion deficits and posterior shoulder tightness in throwers with pathologic internal impingement. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2006; 34: 385-391.

[6] Dines JS, Frank JB, Akerman M, Yocum LA. Glenohumeral internal rotation deficits in baseball players with ulnar collateral ligament insufficiency. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2009; 37: 566-570.

[7] Tooth C, Gofflot A, Schwartz C, Croisier J, Beaudart C, Bruyère O, et al. Risk factors of overuse shoulder injuries in overhead athletes: a systematic review. Sports Health: a Multidisciplinary Approach. 2020; 12: 478-487.

[8] Dodds FT, Knotts SS, Penrod MI, Scoggins WA, Conners RT. Shoulder strength and range of motion between collegiate pitchers and position players in baseball. International Journal of Exercise Science. 2020; 13: 123-130.

[9] Byram IR, Bushnell BD, Dugger K, Charron K, Harrell FE, Noonan TJ. Preseason shoulder strength measurements in professional baseball pitchers: identifying players at risk for injury. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2010; 38: 1375-1382.

[10] Brown LP, Niehues SL, Harrah A, Yavorsky P, Hirshman HP. Upper extremity range of motion and isokinetic strength of the internal and external shoulder rotators in major league baseball players. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 1988; 16: 577-585.

[11] Astolfi MM, Struminger AH, Royer TD, Kaminski TW, Swanik CB. Adaptations of the shoulder to overhead throwing in youth athletes. Journal of Athletic Training. 2015; 50: 726-732.

[12] Crockett HC, Gross LB, Wilk KE, Schwartz ML, Reed J, O’Mara J, et al. Osseous adaptation and range of motion at the glenohumeral joint in professional baseball pitchers. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2002; 30: 20-26.

[13] Osbahr DC, Cannon DL, Speer KP. Retroversion of the humerus in the throwing shoulder of college baseball pitchers. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2002; 30: 347-353.

[14] Reagan KM, Meister K, Horodyski MB, Werner DW, Carruthers C, Wilk K. Humeral retroversion and its relationship to glenohumeral rotation in the shoulder of college baseball players. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2002; 30: 354-360.

[15] Neumann DA. Kinesiology of the musculoskeletal system-e-book: foundations for rehabilitation (3th ed). Elsevier Health Sciences. 2017.

[16] Cameron KL, Tennent DJ, Sturdivant RX, Posner MA, Peck KY, Campbell SE, et al. Increased glenoid retroversion is associated with increased rotator cuff strength in the shoulder. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2019; 47: 1893-1900.

[17] Rhi SY, So WY. Analysis of range of motion and isokinetic strength of internal and external rotation according to humeral retroversion of the dominant shoulder in youth baseball players: a pilot study. Iranian Journal of Public Health. 2014; 43: 178-184.

[18] Cameron KL, Tennent DJ, Sturdivant RX, Posner MA, Peck KY, Campbell SE, et al. Increased glenoid retroversion is associated with increased rotator cuff strength in the shoulder. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2019; 47: 1893-1900.

[19] Kim BG, Yoon WY. The effect of game participation by a professional pitcher on isokinetic and isometric muscle. Indian Journal of Science and Technology. 2015; 8: 123-132.

[20] Söderlund V, Kronberg M, Broström LA. Radiologic assessment of humeral head retroversion. Description of a new method. Acta Radiologica. 1989; 30: 501-505.

[21] Öztuna V, Öztürk H, Eskandari MM, Kuyurtar F. Measurement of the humeral head retroversion angle. Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery. 2002; 122: 406-409.

[22] Awan R, Smith J, Boon AJ. Measuring shoulder internal rotation range of motion: a comparison of 3 techniques. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2002; 83: 1229-1234.

[23] McClure P, Balaicuis J, Heiland D, Broersma ME, Thorndike CK, Wood A. A randomized controlled comparison of stretching proce-dures for posterior shoulder tightness. The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy. 2007; 37: 108-114.

[24] Laudner KG, Sipes RC, Wilson JT. The acute effects of sleeper stretches on shoulder range of motion. Journal of Athletic Training. 2008; 43: 359-363.

[25] Thompson SF, Guess TM, Plackis AC, Sherman SL, Gray AD. Youth baseball pitching mechanics: a systematic review. Sports Health. 2018; 10: 133-140.

[26] Wilk KE, Meister K, Andrews JR. Current concepts in the rehabilitation of the overhead throwing athlete. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2002; 30: 136-151.

[27] Fleisig GS, Andrews JR, Dillman CJ, Escamilla RF. Kinetics of baseball pitching with implications about injury mechanisms. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 1995; 23: 233-239.

[28] Fleisig G. Biomechanics of the shoulder during throwing. The Athlete’s Shoulder. 1994.

[29] Chant CB, Litchfield R, Griffin S, Thain LMF. Humeral head retroversion in competitive baseball players and its relationship to glenohumeral rotation range of motion. The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy. 2007; 37: 514-520.

[30] Tokish JM, Curtin MS, Kim Y, Hawkins RJ, Torry MR. Glenohumeral internal rotation deficit in the asymptomatic professional pitcher and its relationship to humeral retroversion. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine. 2008; 7: 78-83.

[31] Hibberd EE, Shutt CE, Oyama S, Blackburn JT, Myers JB. Physical contributors to glenohumeral internal rotation deficit in high school baseball players. Journal of Sport and Health Science. 2015; 4: 299-306.

[32] Bailey LB, Shanley E, Hawkins R, Beattie PF, Fritz S, Kwartowitz D, et al. Mechanisms of shoulder range of motion deficits in asymptomatic baseball players. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2015; 43: 2783-2793.

[33] Greenberg EM, Lawrence JTR, Fernandez-Fernandez A, McClure P. Humeral retrotorsion and glenohumeral motion in youth baseball players compared with age-matched nonthrowing athletes. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2017; 45: 454-461.

[34] Reuther KE, Sheridan S, Thomas SJ. Differentiation of bony and soft-tissue adaptations of the shoulder in professional baseball pitchers. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2018; 27: 1491-1496.

[35] Prentice WE. Rehabilitation techniques for sports medicine and athletic training. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. 2011.

[36] Kay J, Kirsch JM, Bakshi N, Ekhtiari S, Horner N, Gichuru M, et al. Humeral retroversion and capsule thickening in the overhead throwing athlete: a systematic review. Arthroscopy. 2018; 34: 1308-1318.

[37] National Academy of Sports Medicine. NASM essentials of corrective exercise training: first edition revised. Jones & Bartlett Learning. 2013.

Abstracted / indexed in

Science Citation Index Expanded (SciSearch) Created as SCI in 1964, Science Citation Index Expanded now indexes over 9,200 of the world’s most impactful journals across 178 scientific disciplines. More than 53 million records and 1.18 billion cited references date back from 1900 to present.

Journal Citation Reports/Science Edition Journal Citation Reports/Science Edition aims to evaluate a journal’s value from multiple perspectives including the journal impact factor, descriptive data about a journal’s open access content as well as contributing authors, and provide readers a transparent and publisher-neutral data & statistics information about the journal.

Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) DOAJ is a unique and extensive index of diverse open access journals from around the world, driven by a growing community, committed to ensuring quality content is freely available online for everyone.

SCImago The SCImago Journal & Country Rank is a publicly available portal that includes the journals and country scientific indicators developed from the information contained in the Scopus® database (Elsevier B.V.)

Publication Forum - JUFO (Federation of Finnish Learned Societies) Publication Forum is a classification of publication channels created by the Finnish scientific community to support the quality assessment of academic research.

Scopus: CiteScore 0.7 (2022) Scopus is Elsevier's abstract and citation database launched in 2004. Scopus covers nearly 36,377 titles (22,794 active titles and 13,583 Inactive titles) from approximately 11,678 publishers, of which 34,346 are peer-reviewed journals in top-level subject fields: life sciences, social sciences, physical sciences and health sciences.

Norwegian Register for Scientific Journals, Series and Publishers Search for publication channels (journals, series and publishers) in the Norwegian Register for Scientific Journals, Series and Publishers to see if they are considered as scientific. (https://kanalregister.hkdir.no/publiseringskanaler/Forside).

Submission Turnaround Time

Conferences

Top